How to Tell the Difference Between OBD1 and OBD2: A Guide

Understanding how to tell the difference between OBD1 and OBD2 systems is essential for effective vehicle diagnostics, and OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN is here to guide you. This knowledge is crucial for selecting the correct diagnostic tools, interpreting vehicle data accurately, and ensuring proper repairs. We’ll also explore enhanced diagnostics and standardized data, providing solutions for accurate diagnostics.

1. What is OBD? Understanding On-Board Diagnostics

On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) refers to a vehicle’s self-diagnostic capability, which has significantly evolved over time. According to a 2022 report by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE), modern OBD systems detect a wide range of issues, from minor sensor malfunctions to critical engine problems, providing technicians with valuable insights for efficient repairs.

• Early OBD Systems: Primarily focused on monitoring emissions-related components.
• Advanced OBD Systems: Incorporate standardized digital communication ports for real-time data access and more comprehensive diagnostics.

1.1 The Evolution of OBD Systems

The evolution of OBD systems reflects the automotive industry’s commitment to enhanced diagnostics and environmental responsibility. A study by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2023 showed that OBD systems have significantly contributed to reducing vehicle emissions by enabling quicker diagnostics and more effective repairs.

1.2 Key Functions of OBD Systems

OBD systems perform several critical functions:

• Monitoring Emissions: Ensuring vehicles meet environmental standards.
• Detecting Malfunctions: Identifying issues in engine and other critical systems.
• Providing Diagnostic Information: Supplying technicians with data to diagnose and repair problems.
• Storing Trouble Codes: Recording diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) for later retrieval.

2. What is OBD1? A Look at First-Generation Systems

OBD1, the first generation of on-board diagnostic systems, was primarily focused on monitoring vehicle emissions. According to a 1988 report by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), OBD1 systems were less effective in enforcing emission controls due to a lack of standardization.

• Limited Capabilities: Primarily monitored emissions-related components.
• Lack of Standardization: Diagnostic connectors and trouble codes varied across manufacturers.

2.1 Characteristics of OBD1 Systems

OBD1 systems were characterized by several key features:

• Proprietary Connectors: Each manufacturer used different diagnostic connectors.
• Non-Standardized Trouble Codes: Trouble codes varied across manufacturers, making diagnosis difficult.
• Limited Data Availability: Provided limited data compared to later OBD systems.
• Basic Emission Monitoring: Primarily focused on monitoring emissions-related components.

2.2 Challenges of Working with OBD1

Working with OBD1 systems presented several challenges:

• Difficulty in Diagnosis: Due to non-standardized connectors and trouble codes.
• Requirement for Specialized Tools: Needed specific scan tools for different car brands and models.
• Limited Information: Lack of detailed diagnostic data made it harder to pinpoint issues accurately.

3. What is OBD2? Embracing Standardization and Enhanced Diagnostics

OBD2, introduced in the early 1990s and mandated in 1996, represented a significant advancement over OBD1. A 1994 study by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) highlighted that OBD2 offered better signaling protocols and messaging formats, leading to more accurate emission tests and standardized trouble codes for engine issues.

• Enhanced Diagnostics: Offered more comprehensive monitoring of vehicle systems.
• Standardized Connectors: Used a universal 16-pin diagnostic connector.
• Standardized Trouble Codes: Employed standardized diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs).

3.1 Key Features of OBD2 Systems

OBD2 systems are characterized by several key features:

• Standardized 16-Pin Connector: A universal connector for all OBD2-compliant vehicles.
• Standardized Trouble Codes (DTCs): Uniform codes for identifying specific issues.
• Comprehensive Data Monitoring: Monitored a wide range of engine and vehicle parameters.
• Improved Emission Control: Enhanced ability to enforce emission standards.

3.2 Benefits of OBD2 over OBD1

OBD2 offers several advantages over OBD1:

• More Accurate Diagnostics: Provides more detailed and accurate diagnostic information.
• Easier to Use: Standardized connectors and trouble codes simplify the diagnostic process.
• Wider Compatibility: Works with all OBD2-compliant vehicles, regardless of make or model.
• Remote Connectivity: Supports remote diagnostics using Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.

4. Manufacturing Year Check: Determining OBD System Type

The production year of your car is a primary indicator of whether it has an OBD1 or OBD2 system. According to automotive industry data, vehicles manufactured before 1996 typically have OBD1 systems.

• Pre-1996 Vehicles: Generally equipped with OBD1 systems.
• 1996 and Later Vehicles: Equipped with OBD2 systems.
• Transitional Period: Some manufacturers started adopting OBD2 as early as 1995, so it’s important to verify.

4.1 Checking for OBD2 Standard Post-1996

If your car was manufactured in 1996 or later, it is equipped with an OBD2 system. For these vehicles, an OBD2 scan tool is necessary for diagnostics, as it’s compatible with any OBD2 system. Automotive research indicates that OBD2 became a mandatory standard for all cars sold in the United States starting in 1996.

4.2 Understanding OBD1 Scan Tool Variability

Since OBD1 systems were not standardized, OBD1 scan tools are often specific to certain car brands or models. This variability makes diagnosing OBD1 vehicles more challenging, requiring specialized tools for each make and model.

5. Interface System Inspection: Identifying Connector Types

Examining the diagnostic connector is a reliable method to determine whether a vehicle has an OBD1 or OBD2 system. According to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), OBD2 systems have a standardized 16-pin connector.

• OBD2 Connector: Features a standardized 16-pin connector.
• OBD1 Connector: Uses a different connector type that varies by manufacturer.

5.1 Locating the Diagnostic Connector

Generally, the OBD port is located on the driver’s side, often under the dashboard, near the steering wheel. It may also be hidden behind a panel or in a compartment but is typically accessible without special tools. In some models, it could be near the glove box or close to the gear shift. Automotive repair guides indicate that the OBD port’s location can vary, but it is typically within easy reach.

5.2 Comparing OBD1 and OBD2 Connectors

The diagnostic connector is a key differentiator between OBD1 and OBD2 systems. OBD1 connectors vary by manufacturer, while OBD2 connectors are standardized with 16 pins.

Feature	OBD1	OBD2
Connector Type	Proprietary, varies by manufacturer	Standardized 16-pin
Trouble Codes	Non-standardized	Standardized (DTCs)
Data Availability	Limited	Comprehensive
Emission Monitoring	Basic	Enhanced

6. Under-the-Hood Check: Looking for Certification Labels

Another method to identify the OBD system type is to look for a label under the hood indicating whether the car is OBD1 or OBD2 certified. According to EPA regulations, manufacturers are required to label vehicles that comply with OBD2 standards.

• OBD2 Certification Label: Indicates compliance with OBD2 standards.
• Location: Typically found under the hood.

6.1 Interpreting Certification Labels

The certification label will explicitly state whether the vehicle is OBD2 certified. If the label is missing or unclear, other methods, such as checking the manufacturing year and examining the diagnostic connector, should be used.

6.2 Consulting the Owner’s Manual

The owner’s manual should specify whether your car has an OBD1 or OBD2 system. The manual provides detailed information about the vehicle’s specifications, including the type of diagnostic system.

7. Can OBD2 Read OBD1? Understanding Compatibility Issues

An OBD2 scan tool cannot directly read an OBD1 car because OBD1 and OBD2 have different interfaces. While you can buy an adapter to connect an OBD2 scanner to an OBD1 system, it’s not a perfect solution. Automotive diagnostic experts caution that using adapters may not provide complete or accurate diagnostic information.

• Incompatibility: OBD2 scan tools are not directly compatible with OBD1 systems.
• Adapter Limitations: Adapters may allow connection but may not provide accurate data.

7.1 Limitations of Using Adapters

Adapters may allow the connection, but you may not get complete or accurate diagnostic information due to differences in the systems’ programming. The data interpretation can be skewed, leading to misdiagnosis.

7.2 Best Practices for Reading OBD1 Systems

For reading OBD1 systems, it’s best to use a specific OBD1 scanner tool, but finding the right one can be challenging since OBD1 interfaces vary across different car brands and models. Automotive technicians recommend using manufacturer-specific tools for OBD1 vehicles to ensure accurate diagnostics.

8. Choosing the Right Scan Tool: OBD1 vs. OBD2

Selecting the appropriate scan tool is crucial for accurate vehicle diagnostics. An OBD2 scan tool is essential for modern vehicles, while specialized tools are needed for older OBD1 systems. Automotive industry surveys indicate that using the wrong scan tool can lead to misdiagnosis and unnecessary repairs.

• OBD2 Scan Tools: Suitable for vehicles manufactured in 1996 and later.
• OBD1 Scan Tools: Required for older vehicles with OBD1 systems.
• Specialized Tools: May be needed for specific OBD1 makes and models.

8.1 Key Considerations for Selecting a Scan Tool

When choosing a scan tool, consider the following factors:

• Vehicle Compatibility: Ensure the tool is compatible with the vehicle’s OBD system.
• Functionality: Look for a tool that provides the necessary diagnostic functions.
• Ease of Use: Choose a tool that is user-friendly and easy to navigate.
• Update Capability: Select a tool that can be updated with the latest software and data.

8.2 Top OBD2 Scan Tools Available

Several high-quality OBD2 scan tools are available on the market. Here are a few top-rated options:

1. Autel MaxiCOM MK906BT: A professional-grade scan tool with advanced diagnostic capabilities.
2. Snap-on Solus Edge: Known for its comprehensive coverage and user-friendly interface.
3. BlueDriver Bluetooth Professional OBDII Scan Tool: A Bluetooth-enabled scan tool that works with smartphones and tablets.
4. INNOVA 3160g: A popular choice for DIYers and professional mechanics alike.
5. LAUNCH X431 V+: Offers a wide range of diagnostic functions and vehicle coverage.

9. Understanding Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): OBD1 vs. OBD2

Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) are codes stored by the vehicle’s computer to indicate specific issues. OBD2 systems use standardized DTCs, while OBD1 systems often have manufacturer-specific codes. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), understanding DTCs is essential for accurate vehicle diagnostics and repairs.

• OBD2 DTCs: Standardized codes for identifying specific issues.
• OBD1 DTCs: Manufacturer-specific codes that vary across makes and models.

9.1 Decoding OBD2 Trouble Codes

OBD2 trouble codes consist of a five-character alphanumeric code. The first character indicates the system, the second character indicates the code type, and the remaining characters specify the fault.

Character	Meaning
1st	System (e.g., P=Powertrain, B=Body)
2nd	Code Type (e.g., 0=Generic, 1=Manufacturer)
3rd-5th	Fault Code

9.2 Common OBD2 Trouble Codes and Their Meanings

Here are some common OBD2 trouble codes and their meanings:

Code	Description
P0300	Random/Multiple Misfire Detected
P0171	System Too Lean (Bank 1)
P0420	Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)
P0401	Exhaust Gas Recirculation Flow Insufficient Detected
P0113	Intake Air Temperature Sensor Circuit High Input

10. Practical Applications: Real-World Diagnostic Scenarios

To illustrate the differences between OBD1 and OBD2 systems, let’s consider a few real-world diagnostic scenarios. Automotive technicians often encounter these situations when working on older and newer vehicles.

• Scenario 1: Diagnosing a 1994 Ford Truck (OBD1)
• Scenario 2: Diagnosing a 2000 Honda Civic (OBD2)
• Scenario 3: Diagnosing a 1995 BMW (Transitional OBD System)

10.1 Diagnosing a 1994 Ford Truck (OBD1)

To diagnose a 1994 Ford truck with an OBD1 system, you would need a Ford-specific OBD1 scan tool. The process involves:

1. Locating the Diagnostic Connector: Typically found under the dashboard.
2. Connecting the Scan Tool: Using the appropriate Ford-specific connector.
3. Retrieving Trouble Codes: Reading the manufacturer-specific trouble codes.
4. Interpreting the Codes: Using a Ford repair manual to understand the codes.
5. Performing Diagnostic Tests: Following the manual’s procedures to pinpoint the issue.

10.2 Diagnosing a 2000 Honda Civic (OBD2)

To diagnose a 2000 Honda Civic with an OBD2 system, you would use a standard OBD2 scan tool. The process involves:

1. Locating the Diagnostic Connector: Typically found under the dashboard.
2. Connecting the Scan Tool: Using the standard 16-pin connector.
3. Retrieving Trouble Codes: Reading the standardized OBD2 trouble codes.
4. Interpreting the Codes: Using an OBD2 code database to understand the codes.
5. Performing Diagnostic Tests: Following the repair procedures based on the trouble codes.

10.3 Diagnosing a 1995 BMW (Transitional OBD System)

Diagnosing a 1995 BMW, which may have a transitional OBD system, can be more complex. The process involves:

1. Verifying the OBD System Type: Checking for an OBD2 connector or label under the hood.
2. Using the Appropriate Scan Tool: Using either an OBD1 or OBD2 scan tool, depending on the system type.
3. Retrieving Trouble Codes: Reading the trouble codes.
4. Interpreting the Codes: Using a BMW repair manual to understand the codes.
5. Performing Diagnostic Tests: Following the manual’s procedures to pinpoint the issue.

11. Advanced Diagnostic Techniques: Leveraging OBD Data

OBD data can be used for advanced diagnostic techniques, such as monitoring live engine parameters and performing system tests. Automotive diagnostic experts recommend using OBD data to identify subtle issues that may not trigger trouble codes.

• Monitoring Live Data: Observing real-time engine parameters.
• Performing System Tests: Running diagnostic tests to evaluate system performance.

11.1 Monitoring Live Engine Parameters

Live engine parameters, such as engine speed, temperature, and fuel trim, can provide valuable insights into engine performance. By monitoring these parameters, technicians can identify issues such as sensor malfunctions, vacuum leaks, and fuel delivery problems.

11.2 Performing System Tests

System tests, such as oxygen sensor tests and EVAP system tests, can help evaluate the performance of specific components. These tests can identify issues such as faulty sensors, leaks, and malfunctioning valves.

12. The Future of OBD: Innovations and Advancements

The future of OBD systems involves continued innovation and advancements, such as enhanced data logging capabilities, improved remote diagnostics, and integration with mobile devices. Automotive technology forecasts predict that OBD systems will play an increasingly important role in vehicle maintenance and repair.

• Enhanced Data Logging: More comprehensive data collection and storage.
• Improved Remote Diagnostics: Remote access to vehicle data for diagnostics and monitoring.
• Mobile Integration: Seamless integration with smartphones and tablets.

12.1 Enhanced Data Logging Capabilities

Enhanced data logging capabilities will allow OBD systems to collect and store more comprehensive data, providing technicians with a more detailed picture of vehicle performance. This data can be used to identify subtle issues and predict potential failures.

12.2 Improved Remote Diagnostics

Improved remote diagnostics will enable technicians to access vehicle data remotely, allowing them to diagnose issues and provide assistance without being physically present. This capability can be particularly useful for fleet management and remote vehicle monitoring.

12.3 Mobile Integration

Seamless integration with smartphones and tablets will make OBD systems more accessible and user-friendly. Mobile apps can provide real-time data, diagnostic information, and repair procedures, empowering drivers and technicians alike.

13. OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN: Your Partner in Automotive Diagnostics

At OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN, we are dedicated to providing you with the knowledge and resources you need to excel in automotive diagnostics. Whether you’re a seasoned technician or a DIY enthusiast, our comprehensive guides and expert advice will help you master OBD systems and keep your vehicles running smoothly.

• Comprehensive Guides: In-depth articles and tutorials on OBD systems.
• Expert Advice: Expert tips and recommendations for effective diagnostics.
• Diagnostic Tools: Reviews and recommendations for the best OBD scan tools.

13.1 Comprehensive Guides on OBD Systems

Our comprehensive guides cover a wide range of topics related to OBD systems, including:

• OBD1 vs. OBD2: Understanding the differences between OBD1 and OBD2 systems.
• Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): Decoding and interpreting trouble codes.
• Scan Tool Selection: Choosing the right scan tool for your needs.
• Advanced Diagnostic Techniques: Leveraging OBD data for advanced diagnostics.

13.2 Expert Advice for Effective Diagnostics

Our expert advice will help you improve your diagnostic skills and efficiency. We offer tips and recommendations on:

• Troubleshooting Techniques: Identifying and resolving common vehicle issues.
• Using Scan Tools Effectively: Maximizing the capabilities of your scan tool.
• Interpreting OBD Data: Understanding and interpreting OBD data.
• Staying Up-to-Date: Keeping abreast of the latest OBD technologies and techniques.

13.3 Diagnostic Tools: Reviews and Recommendations

We provide reviews and recommendations for the best OBD scan tools on the market. Our reviews cover a range of tools, from basic code readers to professional-grade scan tools, helping you choose the right tool for your needs and budget.

14. Troubleshooting Common OBD Issues

Diagnosing and resolving OBD issues can be challenging, but with the right knowledge and tools, you can effectively troubleshoot common problems. Automotive repair guides offer detailed procedures for troubleshooting OBD issues.

• Identifying Common Issues: Recognizing frequently encountered OBD problems.
• Troubleshooting Steps: Following a systematic approach to diagnose issues.
• Repair Procedures: Implementing effective repair solutions.

14.1 Common OBD Issues and Their Symptoms

Here are some common OBD issues and their symptoms:

Issue	Symptoms
Check Engine Light (CEL)	Illuminated CEL on the dashboard
Misfires	Rough idling, poor acceleration
Poor Fuel Economy	Reduced MPG, increased fuel consumption
Emission Test Failure	Vehicle fails emission test
Sensor Malfunctions	Erratic sensor readings, inaccurate data
System Leaks	Fuel leaks, vacuum leaks
Catalytic Converter Issues	Reduced engine performance, emission test failure

14.2 Step-by-Step Troubleshooting Guide

Follow these steps to troubleshoot common OBD issues:

1. Connect Scan Tool: Connect an OBD2 scan tool to the diagnostic connector.
2. Retrieve Trouble Codes: Read the diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs).
3. Interpret Codes: Use an OBD2 code database to understand the codes.
4. Research Symptoms: Research the symptoms associated with the trouble codes.
5. Perform Diagnostic Tests: Conduct diagnostic tests to pinpoint the issue.
6. Repair the Issue: Implement the appropriate repair solution.
7. Clear Trouble Codes: Clear the trouble codes after the repair is complete.
8. Verify the Repair: Verify that the issue is resolved and the CEL is off.

15. Case Studies: Successful OBD Diagnostics

To illustrate the effectiveness of OBD diagnostics, let’s examine a few case studies. Automotive repair shops often document successful diagnostic procedures to share knowledge and improve efficiency.

• Case Study 1: Diagnosing a Misfire in a 2005 Toyota Camry
• Case Study 2: Resolving a Lean Fuel Condition in a 2010 Honda Accord
• Case Study 3: Fixing a Catalytic Converter Issue in a 2008 Ford Explorer

15.1 Case Study 1: Diagnosing a Misfire in a 2005 Toyota Camry

A 2005 Toyota Camry was experiencing a misfire, causing rough idling and poor acceleration. The technician connected an OBD2 scan tool and retrieved the code P0301 (Cylinder 1 Misfire Detected).

1. Verified the Code: Confirmed the P0301 code.
2. Inspected Cylinder 1: Checked the spark plug, ignition coil, and fuel injector.
3. Found Faulty Ignition Coil: Identified a faulty ignition coil in cylinder 1.
4. Replaced Ignition Coil: Replaced the faulty ignition coil.
5. Cleared Trouble Code: Cleared the P0301 code.
6. Verified Repair: Verified that the misfire was resolved and the engine ran smoothly.

15.2 Case Study 2: Resolving a Lean Fuel Condition in a 2010 Honda Accord

A 2010 Honda Accord was experiencing a lean fuel condition, resulting in poor fuel economy and a P0171 code (System Too Lean, Bank 1).

1. Verified the Code: Confirmed the P0171 code.
2. Checked for Vacuum Leaks: Inspected the intake manifold and vacuum lines for leaks.
3. Found Vacuum Leak: Identified a vacuum leak in a cracked hose.
4. Replaced Hose: Replaced the cracked vacuum hose.
5. Cleared Trouble Code: Cleared the P0171 code.
6. Verified Repair: Verified that the lean fuel condition was resolved and the fuel economy improved.

15.3 Case Study 3: Fixing a Catalytic Converter Issue in a 2008 Ford Explorer

A 2008 Ford Explorer had a catalytic converter issue, causing reduced engine performance and a P0420 code (Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold, Bank 1).

1. Verified the Code: Confirmed the P0420 code.
2. Inspected Catalytic Converter: Checked the catalytic converter for damage and restrictions.
3. Found Clogged Converter: Identified a clogged catalytic converter.
4. Replaced Converter: Replaced the clogged catalytic converter.
5. Cleared Trouble Code: Cleared the P0420 code.
6. Verified Repair: Verified that the engine performance improved and the code did not return.

16. FAQs: Addressing Common Questions About OBD Systems

Here are some frequently asked questions about OBD systems:

1. What is an OBD scanner?

An OBD scanner is a diagnostic tool used to retrieve and interpret data from a vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system, allowing technicians and vehicle owners to identify and address issues.

2. How do I read OBD2 fault codes?

To read OBD2 fault codes, connect an OBD2 scanner to the diagnostic port, power on the scanner, and follow the prompts to retrieve Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), which can then be interpreted using a code database.

3. What are common car problems and how to fix them?

Common car problems include engine misfires, brake issues, and electrical problems, which can often be resolved by replacing faulty components, repairing leaks, or addressing wiring issues identified through diagnostic testing.

4. Can I use an OBD2 scanner on an OBD1 car?

No, OBD2 scanners cannot be directly used on OBD1 cars because of different interfaces and protocols; however, adapters can be used, though they may not provide complete or accurate data.

5. What is the difference between OBD1 and OBD2?

OBD1 systems, used in vehicles before 1996, lack standardization and have limited capabilities, while OBD2 systems, used in vehicles from 1996 onward, feature standardized connectors, codes, and enhanced diagnostics.

6. How do I locate the OBD port in my car?

The OBD port is typically located on the driver’s side under the dashboard, near the steering wheel, though it may be hidden behind a panel or in a compartment.

7. What is the check engine light and what does it indicate?

The check engine light (CEL) is a warning light that indicates a potential issue with the engine or related systems, prompting the need for diagnostic testing to identify and address the problem.

8. Can I clear OBD2 codes myself?

Yes, you can clear OBD2 codes yourself using an OBD2 scanner, but it’s essential to address the underlying issue first to prevent the codes from reappearing.

9. What is the role of OBD in vehicle maintenance?

OBD systems play a crucial role in vehicle maintenance by continuously monitoring vehicle systems, providing early warnings of potential issues, and facilitating efficient diagnostics and repairs, ultimately improving vehicle reliability and longevity.

10. Where can I find more information about OBD systems?

You can find more information about OBD systems on automotive websites, repair manuals, and educational resources like OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN, which offer comprehensive guides and expert advice on automotive diagnostics.

17. Take Action: Contact OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN for Expert Assistance

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• Contact Us: Reach out to our team for expert assistance.
• Schedule a Consultation: Get personalized advice and solutions.
• Visit Our Website: Explore our comprehensive guides and resources.

17.1 Contact Us Today

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WhatsApp: +1 (641) 206-8880

Website: OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN

17.2 Schedule a Consultation

Schedule a consultation with our experienced professionals to get personalized advice and solutions for your automotive diagnostic needs. We’ll work with you to identify the best approach and provide the support you need to succeed.

17.3 Visit Our Website

Visit our website at OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN to explore our comprehensive guides, expert advice, and diagnostic tool reviews. We’re your trusted partner in automotive diagnostics, providing the knowledge and resources you need to keep your vehicles running smoothly.

By providing detailed explanations, practical examples, and expert advice, this comprehensive guide empowers you to confidently navigate the world of OBD systems and ensure the optimal performance of your vehicles. Remember, OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN is always here to support your journey in automotive diagnostics.