What Scan Tool Can OBD2: A Comprehensive Guide for Automotive Diagnostics?

The Scan Tool Can Obd2 offers an efficient method for diagnosing vehicle issues, providing valuable insights into your car’s performance and overall health; explore OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN to discover advanced features and benefits. By using diagnostic tools, car owners and technicians gain crucial insights, enabling timely maintenance, reducing repair costs, and ensuring optimal vehicle operation; this comprehensive overview will detail the functionalities, advantages, and best practices for using these tools.

1. Understanding OBD2 Scan Tools

What exactly is an OBD2 scan tool, and why is it essential for modern vehicle maintenance?

An OBD2 scan tool, also known as an OBD2 scanner, is a diagnostic device used to retrieve data from a vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system; these tools are indispensable for diagnosing issues, monitoring vehicle performance, and ensuring proper maintenance, offering a cost-effective solution for vehicle owners and professional technicians alike. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), all cars and light trucks manufactured since 1996 are required to have an OBD2 system.

• Functionality: An OBD2 scan tool connects to a vehicle’s OBD2 port, typically located under the dashboard, enabling users to read diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), view live data, and perform various diagnostic tests.
• Importance: These tools empower users to identify problems early, potentially preventing costly repairs, improving fuel efficiency, and extending the lifespan of the vehicle.

2. Key Features of an OBD2 Scan Tool

What are the must-have features to look for in an OBD2 scan tool to ensure effective diagnostics?

Selecting the right OBD2 scan tool involves considering several key features that enhance diagnostic capabilities and ease of use; these features ensure that the tool meets the specific needs of the user, whether a DIY enthusiast or a professional technician, and delivers accurate, reliable results.

• Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): The ability to read and clear DTCs is fundamental; these codes provide specific information about the nature and location of the problem.
• Live Data Streaming: This feature allows users to monitor real-time sensor data, such as engine temperature, RPM, and vehicle speed, providing valuable insights into the vehicle’s performance.
• Freeze Frame Data: Freeze frame data captures a snapshot of the vehicle’s parameters at the moment a DTC is triggered, aiding in the diagnosis of intermittent issues.
• I/M Readiness Monitors: These monitors check the status of various emission-related systems, ensuring the vehicle is ready for smog tests.
• Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) Retrieval: Automatic VIN retrieval simplifies the diagnostic process by quickly identifying the vehicle’s make, model, and year.
• Bi-Directional Control: Advanced scan tools offer bi-directional control, allowing users to command the vehicle’s systems to perform specific tests, such as activating the fuel pump or cycling the ABS system.
• Compatibility: Ensure the scan tool is compatible with a wide range of vehicle makes and models, including domestic, Asian, and European vehicles.
• User Interface: A user-friendly interface with a clear display and intuitive navigation is essential for ease of use.

3. Benefits of Using an OBD2 Scan Tool

What are the tangible benefits of incorporating an OBD2 scan tool into your vehicle maintenance routine?

Using an OBD2 scan tool offers numerous benefits that extend beyond mere diagnostics, providing significant advantages for both vehicle owners and automotive professionals, contributing to cost savings, improved vehicle performance, and enhanced safety.

• Early Problem Detection: By regularly scanning your vehicle, you can identify potential issues before they escalate into major problems.
• Cost Savings: Early detection and DIY repairs can save you money on costly mechanic fees.
• Improved Fuel Efficiency: Identifying and resolving engine issues can improve fuel economy.
• Enhanced Vehicle Performance: Regular diagnostics and maintenance ensure your vehicle operates at peak performance.
• Informed Decision-Making: Understanding your vehicle’s condition empowers you to make informed decisions about repairs and maintenance.
• DIY Repairs: With the right tools and knowledge, you can perform many repairs yourself, saving time and money.
• Preventative Maintenance: Regular use of an OBD2 scanner helps in planning and executing preventative maintenance, extending the vehicle’s life.
• Increased Vehicle Lifespan: Consistent monitoring and timely repairs contribute to the longevity of your vehicle.

4. Types of OBD2 Scan Tools Available

What are the different types of OBD2 scan tools, and which one is best suited for your needs?

The market offers a variety of OBD2 scan tools, each designed to cater to different user needs and skill levels; understanding the types of scanners available helps you choose the tool that best fits your requirements and budget.

• Basic OBD2 Scanners: These entry-level scanners are designed for simple tasks like reading and clearing DTCs; they are ideal for DIYers who need basic diagnostic capabilities.
• Handheld OBD2 Scanners: Handheld scanners offer a balance of features and portability; they typically include live data streaming, freeze frame data, and I/M readiness monitors.
• Wireless OBD2 Adapters: These adapters connect to your smartphone or tablet via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, turning your device into a diagnostic tool; they are often paired with mobile apps that provide additional features and data analysis.
• Professional-Grade Scan Tools: These advanced tools are designed for professional technicians and offer comprehensive diagnostic capabilities, including bi-directional control, advanced coding, and access to vehicle-specific data.
• PC-Based Scan Tools: These tools connect to a computer and use specialized software to perform diagnostics; they offer a wide range of features and are often used in professional settings.
• All-System Scanners: These scanners can access and diagnose all electronic systems in a vehicle, including the engine, transmission, ABS, airbags, and more, offering a complete diagnostic solution.
• Code Readers: Simple and inexpensive, code readers are primarily used to read and clear diagnostic trouble codes; they are suitable for basic troubleshooting.

5. How to Use an OBD2 Scan Tool: A Step-by-Step Guide

How do you effectively use an OBD2 scan tool to diagnose and resolve vehicle issues?

Using an OBD2 scan tool is a straightforward process that can be broken down into simple steps; following this guide ensures you can accurately diagnose and address vehicle problems, saving time and money on repairs.

1. Locate the OBD2 Port: The OBD2 port is typically located under the dashboard on the driver’s side; consult your vehicle’s manual if you have trouble finding it.
2. Connect the Scan Tool: Plug the OBD2 scan tool into the port; ensure it is securely connected.
3. Turn on the Ignition: Turn the ignition key to the “on” position without starting the engine; this provides power to the vehicle’s electronic systems.
4. Power on the Scan Tool: Turn on the scan tool; it should automatically connect to the vehicle’s computer.
5. Read Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): Navigate to the “Read Codes” or “Diagnostic Codes” menu on the scan tool; the tool will display any stored DTCs.
6. Record the Codes: Write down all the DTCs and their descriptions; this information will be crucial for diagnosing the problem.
7. Research the Codes: Use online resources, repair manuals, or the OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN database to research the meaning of each code; this will help you understand the potential causes of the problem.
8. View Live Data (Optional): If your scan tool supports live data streaming, use this feature to monitor real-time sensor data; this can provide additional insights into the vehicle’s performance.
9. Perform Diagnostic Tests: Some scan tools offer the ability to perform diagnostic tests, such as checking the operation of the oxygen sensors or testing the fuel injectors; follow the instructions on the scan tool to perform these tests.
10. Clear the Codes (Optional): Once you have addressed the issue, you can clear the DTCs using the “Clear Codes” or “Erase Codes” function; however, be sure to note that clearing the codes does not fix the problem; it only clears the error message.
11. Verify the Repair: After clearing the codes, drive the vehicle to see if the DTCs return; if they do, it indicates that the problem has not been fully resolved.

OBD2 Port Location

6. Interpreting OBD2 Codes

How do you decipher OBD2 codes to accurately diagnose vehicle problems?

Interpreting OBD2 codes is essential for accurate diagnostics, as these codes provide specific information about the nature and location of the problem; understanding the structure and common codes can significantly aid in the repair process.

• Code Structure: OBD2 codes consist of five characters: a letter followed by four numbers; the letter indicates the system, the first number specifies whether it is a generic or manufacturer-specific code, and the remaining three numbers provide specific details about the fault.
  • P**: Powertrain (engine, transmission)
  • B**: Body (airbags, power windows)
  • C**: Chassis (ABS, suspension)
  • U**: Network (communication)
• Common OBD2 Codes and Meanings:

Code	Description	Possible Causes
P0300	Random/Multiple Cylinder Misfire Detected	Faulty spark plugs, ignition coils, fuel injectors, vacuum leaks, low compression
P0171	System Too Lean (Bank 1)	Vacuum leaks, faulty oxygen sensor, low fuel pressure, defective mass airflow (MAF) sensor
P0420	Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold	Faulty catalytic converter, leaking exhaust, faulty oxygen sensors
P0101	Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor Range	Dirty or faulty MAF sensor, vacuum leaks, restricted air intake
P0301	Cylinder 1 Misfire Detected	Faulty spark plug, ignition coil, fuel injector, low compression in cylinder 1
P0505	Idle Air Control System Malfunction	Dirty or faulty idle air control (IAC) valve, vacuum leaks, throttle body issues
P0401	Exhaust Gas Recirculation Flow Insufficient	Clogged EGR valve or passages, faulty EGR solenoid, vacuum leaks
P0011	Camshaft Position Timing Over-Advanced	Faulty camshaft position sensor, oil control valve issues, low oil pressure
P0113	Intake Air Temperature Sensor High Input	Faulty intake air temperature (IAT) sensor, wiring issues
P0135	O2 Sensor Heater Circuit Malfunction	Faulty oxygen sensor, wiring issues, blown fuse
P0118	Engine Coolant Temperature Circuit High Input	Faulty engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor, wiring issues

• Using Online Resources: Websites like OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN offer comprehensive databases of OBD2 codes and their meanings, providing valuable information for diagnosing vehicle problems.

7. Advanced Diagnostic Techniques with OBD2

What advanced diagnostic techniques can you employ using an OBD2 scan tool to tackle complex issues?

Beyond basic code reading, advanced diagnostic techniques using OBD2 scan tools can help identify and resolve complex vehicle issues, requiring a deeper understanding of vehicle systems and diagnostic tools.

• Live Data Analysis: Analyzing live data streams can reveal subtle issues that do not trigger DTCs; monitoring parameters such as fuel trim, oxygen sensor readings, and engine load can provide valuable insights into engine performance.
• Bi-Directional Control: Using bi-directional control features allows you to activate and test various components, such as fuel injectors, solenoids, and relays; this can help pinpoint faulty components and verify repairs.
• Component Testing: Some scan tools offer component testing capabilities, allowing you to check the functionality of individual sensors and actuators; this can save time by eliminating guesswork.
• System Tests: Perform system tests, such as EVAP system tests, to check for leaks and other issues; these tests can help identify problems that are not immediately apparent.
• Graphing: Use the graphing feature to visualize live data over time; this can help identify intermittent issues and track performance trends.
• Data Logging: Record live data during a test drive and analyze it later; this can help identify issues that only occur under specific driving conditions.

Live Data Stream

8. Choosing the Right OBD2 Scan Tool for Your Needs

How do you select the perfect OBD2 scan tool that aligns with your specific diagnostic requirements and budget?

Selecting the right OBD2 scan tool involves assessing your diagnostic needs, budget, and skill level; considering these factors ensures you choose a tool that provides the necessary features and capabilities without exceeding your budget.

• Assess Your Needs: Determine what type of diagnostics you will be performing; if you only need to read and clear codes, a basic scanner may suffice; if you need advanced features like live data and bi-directional control, you will need a more advanced tool.
• Set a Budget: OBD2 scan tools range in price from under $50 to several thousand dollars; set a budget based on your needs and the features you require.
• Consider Compatibility: Ensure the scan tool is compatible with your vehicle’s make, model, and year; some scan tools are designed to work with specific vehicle types.
• Read Reviews: Read online reviews and compare different models to get an idea of their performance and reliability.
• Check for Updates: Ensure the scan tool can be updated with the latest software and vehicle data; this will keep the tool current and ensure it can diagnose new vehicles.
• Warranty and Support: Look for a scan tool with a good warranty and reliable customer support; this can be invaluable if you encounter any issues.
• Portability: Consider the size and portability of the scan tool; handheld scanners are easy to carry and use in different locations.
• Ease of Use: Choose a scan tool with a user-friendly interface and clear instructions; this will make it easier to use and interpret the data.

9. Common Mistakes to Avoid When Using an OBD2 Scan Tool

What common pitfalls should you avoid when using an OBD2 scan tool to ensure accurate diagnostics and prevent potential damage?

Using an OBD2 scan tool effectively requires avoiding common mistakes that can lead to inaccurate diagnoses or damage to the vehicle’s systems; being aware of these pitfalls ensures you get the most out of your diagnostic tool.

• Ignoring the Vehicle’s Manual: Always consult the vehicle’s manual for specific diagnostic procedures and information; this can prevent misinterpretations and ensure you are following the correct steps.
• Clearing Codes Without Addressing the Problem: Clearing DTCs without addressing the underlying issue will only result in the codes returning; always diagnose and repair the problem before clearing the codes.
• Misinterpreting Live Data: Misinterpreting live data can lead to incorrect diagnoses; be sure to understand the meaning of each parameter and how it relates to the vehicle’s performance.
• Using the Wrong Scan Tool: Using a scan tool that is not compatible with your vehicle can result in inaccurate data or damage to the vehicle’s systems; always ensure the scan tool is compatible with your vehicle.
• Neglecting Software Updates: Neglecting to update the scan tool’s software can result in outdated data and reduced functionality; always keep the software up to date.
• Overlooking Basic Checks: Don’t overlook basic checks, such as inspecting fuses, wiring, and connections; often, simple problems can trigger DTCs.
• Ignoring Freeze Frame Data: Freeze frame data provides valuable information about the conditions under which the DTC was triggered; ignoring this data can make it difficult to diagnose intermittent issues.
• Relying Solely on DTCs: DTCs provide a starting point for diagnosis, but they do not always tell the whole story; use live data, component testing, and system tests to get a complete picture of the problem.
• Not Verifying Repairs: After making a repair, verify that the problem has been resolved by clearing the codes and driving the vehicle; if the codes return, it indicates that the problem has not been fully fixed.

10. Maintenance and Care for Your OBD2 Scan Tool

How do you properly maintain and care for your OBD2 scan tool to ensure its longevity and reliable performance?

Proper maintenance and care of your OBD2 scan tool are essential for ensuring its longevity and reliable performance; following these guidelines will help you keep your tool in good working condition for years to come.

• Keep the Scan Tool Clean: Clean the scan tool regularly with a soft, dry cloth; avoid using harsh chemicals or solvents that could damage the plastic components.
• Protect from Extreme Temperatures: Store the scan tool in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures; heat and cold can damage the electronic components.
• Avoid Moisture: Keep the scan tool away from moisture and humidity; water can damage the internal circuitry.
• Handle with Care: Avoid dropping or mishandling the scan tool; rough handling can damage the internal components.
• Check Cables and Connectors: Regularly check the cables and connectors for damage; replace any damaged cables to ensure a reliable connection.
• Update Software Regularly: Keep the scan tool’s software up to date with the latest updates; this will ensure it has the latest vehicle data and diagnostic capabilities.
• Store Properly: When not in use, store the scan tool in its case or a protective bag; this will protect it from dust and damage.
• Follow Manufacturer’s Instructions: Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use and maintenance; this will help you get the most out of your scan tool and ensure it lasts for years.
• Battery Care: If your scan tool uses batteries, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for battery care; remove the batteries when the scan tool is not in use for extended periods to prevent corrosion.

OBD2 Scanner

11. Case Studies: Real-World OBD2 Scan Tool Applications

How have OBD2 scan tools been instrumental in resolving real-world vehicle issues?

Real-world case studies demonstrate the practical applications and effectiveness of OBD2 scan tools in diagnosing and resolving vehicle issues; these examples highlight the benefits of using these tools for both DIYers and professional technicians.

• Case Study 1: Diagnosing a Misfire: A vehicle owner experienced a persistent misfire in their engine; using an OBD2 scan tool, they retrieved a P0301 code, indicating a misfire in cylinder 1; further investigation revealed a faulty spark plug, which, when replaced, resolved the misfire.
• Case Study 2: Identifying a Vacuum Leak: A technician used an OBD2 scan tool to diagnose a lean condition in a vehicle’s engine; by monitoring live data, they observed high fuel trim values, indicating a vacuum leak; after performing a smoke test, they located and repaired a cracked vacuum hose, resolving the lean condition.
• Case Study 3: Resolving an ABS Issue: A vehicle owner noticed their ABS light was on; using an OBD2 scan tool, they retrieved a code related to a faulty wheel speed sensor; after replacing the sensor, the ABS light turned off, and the ABS system functioned properly.
• Case Study 4: Diagnosing a Catalytic Converter Failure: A vehicle failed an emissions test, and the owner used an OBD2 scan tool to retrieve a P0420 code, indicating a catalytic converter failure; after replacing the catalytic converter, the vehicle passed the emissions test.
• Case Study 5: Identifying a Faulty Oxygen Sensor: A technician used an OBD2 scan tool to diagnose a vehicle with poor fuel economy; by monitoring live data, they observed erratic readings from the oxygen sensors; after replacing the faulty oxygen sensor, the vehicle’s fuel economy improved significantly.

12. OBD2 Scan Tools and Vehicle Safety

How do OBD2 scan tools contribute to vehicle safety by enabling proactive maintenance and diagnostics?

OBD2 scan tools play a crucial role in enhancing vehicle safety by enabling proactive maintenance and diagnostics, allowing vehicle owners and technicians to identify and address potential safety issues before they lead to accidents or breakdowns.

• Early Detection of Safety Issues: OBD2 scan tools can detect issues with safety-related systems, such as ABS, airbags, and traction control, allowing for timely repairs.
• Preventing Breakdowns: By identifying and resolving engine and transmission issues, OBD2 scan tools can help prevent breakdowns that could lead to accidents.
• Ensuring Proper Functioning of Safety Systems: Regular diagnostics with an OBD2 scan tool ensures that safety systems are functioning properly, providing added protection in the event of an accident.
• Improving Vehicle Reliability: By identifying and addressing potential issues early, OBD2 scan tools can improve the overall reliability of the vehicle, reducing the risk of accidents caused by mechanical failure.
• Maintaining Optimal Performance: Regular diagnostics and maintenance ensure that the vehicle operates at peak performance, improving handling, braking, and overall safety.
• Reducing Emissions: By identifying and resolving issues with the emission control system, OBD2 scan tools can help reduce emissions, improving air quality and protecting the environment.
• Supporting DIY Repairs: Providing valuable diagnostic information enables vehicle owners to perform DIY repairs, saving time and money on mechanic fees and ensuring timely maintenance.

13. Future Trends in OBD2 Scan Tool Technology

What are the emerging trends in OBD2 scan tool technology that will shape the future of automotive diagnostics?

The field of OBD2 scan tool technology is constantly evolving, with several emerging trends poised to shape the future of automotive diagnostics; these advancements promise to make diagnostics more accurate, efficient, and accessible.

• Wireless Connectivity: More scan tools are incorporating wireless connectivity, such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, allowing them to connect to smartphones, tablets, and cloud-based services.
• Cloud-Based Diagnostics: Cloud-based diagnostic platforms are emerging, offering access to vast databases of vehicle information, repair procedures, and diagnostic tips.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is being integrated into scan tools to provide more accurate diagnoses and repair recommendations.
• Remote Diagnostics: Remote diagnostic capabilities are becoming more common, allowing technicians to diagnose and repair vehicles remotely.
• Enhanced Data Visualization: Scan tools are incorporating more sophisticated data visualization tools, such as graphs and charts, to help users interpret data more easily.
• Integration with Mobile Apps: Scan tools are increasingly being integrated with mobile apps, providing users with a more user-friendly interface and access to additional features.
• Predictive Maintenance: Predictive maintenance capabilities are being added to scan tools, allowing them to predict when components are likely to fail and recommend preventative maintenance.
• Augmented Reality (AR): Augmented reality is being used to overlay diagnostic information onto the vehicle, providing users with a more intuitive and informative diagnostic experience.

Wireless OBD2 Adapter

14. OBD2 Scan Tool Maintenance and Repair Services at OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN

How can OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN assist with OBD2 scan tool maintenance and provide expert repair services?

OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN offers comprehensive maintenance and repair services for OBD2 scan tools, ensuring your diagnostic equipment remains in optimal condition; with expert technicians and state-of-the-art facilities, we provide reliable support for all your OBD2 scan tool needs.

• Diagnostic Services: Our experienced technicians can diagnose any issues with your OBD2 scan tool, identifying the root cause of the problem and recommending the appropriate repairs.
• Repair Services: We offer a wide range of repair services, including cable replacement, connector repair, software updates, and component replacement.
• Maintenance Services: We provide preventative maintenance services to keep your OBD2 scan tool in top working condition, including cleaning, calibration, and software updates.
• Calibration Services: Proper calibration is essential for accurate diagnostics; we offer calibration services to ensure your OBD2 scan tool is providing reliable data.
• Software Updates: We can update your OBD2 scan tool with the latest software and vehicle data, ensuring it is compatible with new vehicles and diagnostic procedures.
• Technical Support: Our knowledgeable technical support team can answer any questions you have about your OBD2 scan tool and provide guidance on its use and maintenance.
• Warranty Services: We honor warranties on OBD2 scan tools purchased through our website and provide warranty repair services for eligible products.
• Training Services: We offer training courses on the use and maintenance of OBD2 scan tools, helping you get the most out of your diagnostic equipment.

15. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About OBD2 Scan Tools

What are some frequently asked questions about OBD2 scan tools, and what are the answers to these common inquiries?

Addressing frequently asked questions about OBD2 scan tools can help clarify common misunderstandings and provide valuable information for both new and experienced users; these answers offer practical insights into the use, maintenance, and benefits of OBD2 scan tools.

1. What is an OBD2 scan tool?
   An OBD2 scan tool is a diagnostic device used to retrieve data from a vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system, enabling users to diagnose issues, monitor vehicle performance, and ensure proper maintenance.
2. How does an OBD2 scan tool work?
   An OBD2 scan tool connects to a vehicle’s OBD2 port, typically located under the dashboard, allowing users to read diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs), view live data, and perform various diagnostic tests.
3. What are diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs)?
   Diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) are codes stored in the vehicle’s computer that indicate a specific problem or fault; these codes help identify the nature and location of the issue.
4. Can an OBD2 scan tool fix my car?
   An OBD2 scan tool cannot fix your car, but it can help you diagnose the problem; once you know the problem, you can take steps to repair it yourself or take it to a mechanic.
5. Is an OBD2 scan tool easy to use?
   Most OBD2 scan tools are designed to be user-friendly, with clear instructions and intuitive interfaces; however, some advanced features may require more technical knowledge.
6. What is live data?
   Live data refers to real-time sensor data that can be monitored using an OBD2 scan tool; this data can provide valuable insights into the vehicle’s performance and help diagnose issues.
7. What is freeze frame data?
   Freeze frame data captures a snapshot of the vehicle’s parameters at the moment a DTC is triggered; this can help diagnose intermittent issues by providing information about the conditions under which the problem occurred.
8. How do I clear DTCs?
   To clear DTCs, navigate to the “Clear Codes” or “Erase Codes” function on the OBD2 scan tool and follow the instructions; however, be sure to address the underlying issue before clearing the codes.
9. Can I use an OBD2 scan tool on any car?
   Most OBD2 scan tools are compatible with all cars and light trucks manufactured since 1996; however, some scan tools may be designed to work with specific vehicle types.
10. Where can I buy an OBD2 scan tool?
    OBD2 scan tools are available at auto parts stores, online retailers, and directly from manufacturers like OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN.

By understanding the capabilities and benefits of OBD2 scan tools, vehicle owners and technicians can effectively diagnose and resolve vehicle issues, ensuring optimal performance and safety; for expert guidance and reliable service, contact OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN today.

Don’t let vehicle issues slow you down. Contact OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN today for expert advice and services. Whether you need help choosing the right OBD2 scanner or require maintenance and repair services, our team is here to assist you. Call us at +1 (641) 206-8880, visit our website at OBD2-SCANNER.EDU.VN, or stop by our location at 123 Main Street, Los Angeles, CA 90001, United States. Let us help you keep your vehicle running smoothly and safely.